Translation For Lawyers

Earlier we've blogged about legal document translation in the context of enforcing U.S. judgments in Europe and in the context of cross-border litigation.  Professional written translation services certainly play an important role in defining punitive damages in the EU.  The European courts consider punitive damages contrary to public policy and, thus, do not allow them. This is because, according to customary European civil practice, the purpose of a civil suit is to seek compensation, not punishment. This becomes an issue in cases where a U.S. court awards a judgment of punitive damages against a European defendant and where the plaintiff, unsuccessfully, attempts to have the judgment enforced in a European court.

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As more and more people move abroad, many couples will face divorce in a foreign court. Such situations will require professional translation services. But dealing with professional language translators and court interpreters will not be as challenging as having the foreign granted divorce recognized by a U.S. court - if the marriage occurred in the United States. Typically this becomes relevant when one or both of the parties moves to the U.S. and issues regarding support or custody arise.

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Earlier we blogged about language translation in the context of products liability claims in the presence of the English only warnings. Foreign language translation becomes even more relevant in product liability cases when the issue of foreign regulatory evidence arises in pharmaceutical lawsuits, mainly due to the international scope of pharmaceutical sales.

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Foreign language barriers, which are easily overcome with the help of competent medical interpreters, can cause various problems when they are ignored in a medical setting. According to medical malpractice theory, a physician may be held liable if his inability to adequately communicate with a patient prevents him from obtaining proper informed consent. This line of legal liability stretches from the Quintero v. Encarnacion case. In this case, the patient was only able to communicate using a few Spanish words.

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According to 37 C.F.R. 1.637 (2003) Rule 647, when a party relies on a piece of documentary evidence written in a foreign language, they must have the document translated into English and file an affidavit attesting to the accuracy of the translation.

So what happens when both parties submit separate affidavits by two different document translators attesting to having submitted an accurate translation?

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Earlier we blogged about the role of foreign language translation in transnational litigation. When a foreign company is involved in U.S. litigation, regardless of whether it is against a U.S. company or not, there are several important factors to keep in mind. As an attorney representing the foreign company, of particular interest is the extent of attorney-client privilege. As both the U.S. and foreign country's Code of Civil Procedure may apply - knowing when communications are privileged and to whom this privilege extends to is essential.

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A non-English-speaking defendant's inability to communicate with the court can lead to an appeal related to foreign language translation and court interpreting issues. As the majority of jurisdictions mandate that a foreign language speaker be able to use a foreign language court interpreter in order to communicate with - and understand - the court, an appeal will be based on some issue related to the lack of or adequacy of the foreign language translation.

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Earlier we blogged about the admissibility of the telephonic expert witness testimony by a foreign language translator/ court interpreter. One key factor in a court’s decision to allow telephonic testimony is whether or not the witness is available. Thus, in order to admit foreign language translator testimony via telephone, a party must sufficiently demonstrate that in fact the foreign language translator/ interpreter is “truly unavailable”.

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Although sometimes admissible, the use of telephonic expert witness testimony given by a foreign language translator or court interpreter is highly disfavored by the courts. In general, the courts are likely to apply the same standards of admissibility of telephonic testimony by a foreign language translator/ interpreter as they would to any type of telephonic testimony.

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Irrespective of the availability of foreign language legal document translations, various issues may come up in the context of foreign language evidence. What happens if an opposing party uses a foreign language document in an unethical manner and receives a favorable judgment because of it? Can the ruling be challenged, based on the unethical use of the document? If so, what is the standard of review?

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